# Ipamorelin References: The Peer-Reviewed Source List

> Ipamorelin references — every study cited across this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links: the selectivity characterization, human PK, the Phase 2 trial, and synergy data.

Every study cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links. Verify anything; that is the point.

## How to read this list

Every numbered citation across this site maps to an entry below. Foundational ipamorelin pharmacology leads the list — the 1998 selectivity characterization, the 1999 human PK study, and the 2014 Phase 2 trial — followed by the mechanism, bone-growth, structural-chemistry, and GHRH-synergy literature. Each entry carries a DOI or a PubMed identifier so any claim on this site can be traced to its source and checked independently.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thøgersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agersø H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjærbæk C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Ørskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Mohammadi EN, et al. Attenuation of Visceral and Somatic Nociception by Ghrelin Mimetics. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:267-274. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801950/
[8] Hansen TK, et al. Novel orally active growth hormone secretagogues. J Med Chem. 1998;41:3705-3714. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733496/
[9] Hansen TK, et al. Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001;11:1915-1918. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459660/
[10] Peschke B, et al. The influence of conformational restriction in the C-terminus of growth hormone secretagogues on their potency. Eur J Med Chem. 2002;37:487-501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12204475/
[11] Chan CB, et al. Stimulation of growth hormone secretion from seabream pituitary cells in primary culture by growth hormone secretagogues is independent of growth hormone transcription. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;139:77-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15556068/
[12] Yagi H, et al. Effect of intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on GH release in conscious, freely moving male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;63:198-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9053785/
[13] Bercu BB, et al. Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 1992;130:2579-2586. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1315249/
[14] Fintini D, et al. Effects of combined long-term treatment with a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue and a growth hormone secretagogue in the growth hormone-releasing hormone knock out mouse. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;82:198-207. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16601359/
[15] Yan M, et al. Effect of GHRH and GHRP-2 treatment in vitro on GH secretion and levels of GH, pituitary transcription factor-1, GHRH-receptor, GH-secretagogue-receptor and somatostatin receptor mRNAs in ovine pituitary cells. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:235-242. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14763922/
[16] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[17] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[18] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/

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A forward-looking digest of what the ipamorelin literature actually measured — built around the peptide's selectivity, cited line by line, with nothing here dosed, prescribed, supplied, or sold.